Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists
-15%
portes grátis
Atmospheric Science for Environmental Scientists
;
John Wiley and Sons Ltd
02/2020
432
Mole
Inglês
9781119515227
15 a 20 dias
Descrição não disponível.
List of Contributors ix Preface xi Abbreviations, Constants, and Nomenclature xiii 1 The Climate of the Earth 1 John Lockwood 1.1 Basic Climatology 1 1.2 General Atmospheric Circulation 3 1.3 Palaeoclimates 6 1.4 Polar Climates 12 1.5 Temperate Latitude Climates 16 1.6 Tropical Climates 20 Questions 28 References 28 Further Reading 30 2 Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere 31 Richard Wayne 2.1 Creation of the Planets and Their Earliest Atmospheres 34 2.2 Earth's Atmosphere before Life Began 37 2.3 Comparison of Venus, Earth, and Mars 38 2.4 Life and Earth's Atmosphere 41 2.5 Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Atmosphere 47 2.6 The Rise of Oxygen Concentrations 50 2.7 Protection of Life from Ultraviolet Radiation 60 2.8 The Great Oxidation Event and Related Issues 64 2.9 The Future 68 Questions 68 References 69 Further Reading 74 3 Atmospheric Energy and the Structure of the Atmosphere 75 Hugh Coe 3.1 The Vertical Structure of Earth's Atmosphere 75 3.2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 77 3.3 Solar Radiation, Ozone, and the Stratospheric Temperature Profile 82 3.4 Trapping of Longwave Radiation 85 3.5 A Simple Model of Radiation Transfer 85 3.6 Light Scattering 90 3.7 Conduction, Convection, and Sensible and Latent Heat 96 3.8 Energy Budget for Earth's Atmosphere 103 3.9 Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate 106 3.10 Solar Radiation and the Biosphere 109 3.11 Summary 111 Questions 112 References 112 Further Reading 114 4 Biogeochemical Cycles 115 Dudley Shallcross and Anwar Khan 4.1 Sources 119 4.2 Sinks 119 4.3 Carbon 124 4.4 Nitrogen 132 4.5 Sulphur 134 4.6 Halogens 142 4.7 Hydrogen 152 4.8 Summary 153 Questions 153 References 154 Further Reading 157 5 Tropospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution 159 Paul Monks and Joshua Vande Hey 5.1 Sources of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere 159 5.2 Key Processes in Tropospheric Chemistry 164 5.3 Initiation of Photochemistry by Light 165 5.4 Tropospheric Oxidation Chemistry 166 5.5 Night-Time Oxidation Chemistry 178 5.6 Halogen Chemistry 182 5.7 Air Pollution and Urban Chemistry 187 5.8 Summary 195 Questions 197 References 199 Further Reading 202 6 Cloud Formation and Chemistry 203 Peter Brimblecombe 6.1 Clouds 203 6.2 Cloud Formation 204 6.3 Particle Size and Water Content 207 6.4 Dissolved Solids in Cloud Water and Rainfall 209 6.5 Dissolution of Gases 211 6.6 Reactions and Photochemistry 219 6.7 Radical and Photochemical Reactions 224 6.8 Summary 227 References 228 Further Reading 231 Websites 231 7 Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 233 Paul I. Williams 7.1 Aerosol Properties 235 7.2 Aerosol Sources 245 7.3 The Role of Atmospheric Particles 254 7.4 Aerosol Measurements 262 7.5 Summary 265 Acknowledgement 266 Questions 266 References 267 8 Stratospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion 271 Martyn P. Chipperfield and A. Rob MacKenzie 8.1 Ozone Column Amounts 272 8.2 Physical Structure of the Stratosphere 275 8.3 Gas-Phase Chemistry of the Stratosphere 282 8.4 Aerosols and Clouds in the Stratosphere 287 8.5 Heterogeneous Chemistry of the Stratosphere 290 8.6 Future Perturbations to the Stratosphere 291 8.7 Summary 295 Questions 295 References 296 9 Boundary Layer Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion 299 Janet Barlow and Natalie Theeuwes 9.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 299 9.2 Flow over Vegetation 307 9.3 The Urban Boundary Layer 312 9.4 Dispersion of Pollutants 319 9.5 Summary 326 Questions 327 References 327 Further Reading 329 10 Urban Air Pollution 331 Zongbo Shi 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 Urban Air Pollution - A Brief History 331 10.3 Scale of Urban Air Pollution 333 10.4 Air Pollutants and Their Sources in the Urban Atmosphere 334 10.5 From Emissions to Airborne Concentrations 339 10.6 Urban-Scale Impacts 343 10.7 Means of Mitigation 349 10.8 Summary 361 Acknowledgement 363 Questions 363 References 364 Further Reading 365 11 Global Warming and Climate Change Science 367 Atul Jain, Xiaoming Xu, and Nick Hewitt 11.1 Historical Evidence of the Impact of Human Activities on Climate 369 11.2 Future Outlook of Climate Change 379 11.3 The Integrated Science Assessment Modelling (ISAM) 386 11.4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 393 11.5 Summary 395 Acknowledgement 396 Questions 396 References 396 Appendix: Suggested Web Resources 399 Index 401
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List of Contributors ix Preface xi Abbreviations, Constants, and Nomenclature xiii 1 The Climate of the Earth 1 John Lockwood 1.1 Basic Climatology 1 1.2 General Atmospheric Circulation 3 1.3 Palaeoclimates 6 1.4 Polar Climates 12 1.5 Temperate Latitude Climates 16 1.6 Tropical Climates 20 Questions 28 References 28 Further Reading 30 2 Chemical Evolution of the Atmosphere 31 Richard Wayne 2.1 Creation of the Planets and Their Earliest Atmospheres 34 2.2 Earth's Atmosphere before Life Began 37 2.3 Comparison of Venus, Earth, and Mars 38 2.4 Life and Earth's Atmosphere 41 2.5 Carbon Dioxide in Earth's Atmosphere 47 2.6 The Rise of Oxygen Concentrations 50 2.7 Protection of Life from Ultraviolet Radiation 60 2.8 The Great Oxidation Event and Related Issues 64 2.9 The Future 68 Questions 68 References 69 Further Reading 74 3 Atmospheric Energy and the Structure of the Atmosphere 75 Hugh Coe 3.1 The Vertical Structure of Earth's Atmosphere 75 3.2 Solar and Terrestrial Radiation 77 3.3 Solar Radiation, Ozone, and the Stratospheric Temperature Profile 82 3.4 Trapping of Longwave Radiation 85 3.5 A Simple Model of Radiation Transfer 85 3.6 Light Scattering 90 3.7 Conduction, Convection, and Sensible and Latent Heat 96 3.8 Energy Budget for Earth's Atmosphere 103 3.9 Aerosols, Clouds, and Climate 106 3.10 Solar Radiation and the Biosphere 109 3.11 Summary 111 Questions 112 References 112 Further Reading 114 4 Biogeochemical Cycles 115 Dudley Shallcross and Anwar Khan 4.1 Sources 119 4.2 Sinks 119 4.3 Carbon 124 4.4 Nitrogen 132 4.5 Sulphur 134 4.6 Halogens 142 4.7 Hydrogen 152 4.8 Summary 153 Questions 153 References 154 Further Reading 157 5 Tropospheric Chemistry and Air Pollution 159 Paul Monks and Joshua Vande Hey 5.1 Sources of Trace Gases in the Atmosphere 159 5.2 Key Processes in Tropospheric Chemistry 164 5.3 Initiation of Photochemistry by Light 165 5.4 Tropospheric Oxidation Chemistry 166 5.5 Night-Time Oxidation Chemistry 178 5.6 Halogen Chemistry 182 5.7 Air Pollution and Urban Chemistry 187 5.8 Summary 195 Questions 197 References 199 Further Reading 202 6 Cloud Formation and Chemistry 203 Peter Brimblecombe 6.1 Clouds 203 6.2 Cloud Formation 204 6.3 Particle Size and Water Content 207 6.4 Dissolved Solids in Cloud Water and Rainfall 209 6.5 Dissolution of Gases 211 6.6 Reactions and Photochemistry 219 6.7 Radical and Photochemical Reactions 224 6.8 Summary 227 References 228 Further Reading 231 Websites 231 7 Particulate Matter in the Atmosphere 233 Paul I. Williams 7.1 Aerosol Properties 235 7.2 Aerosol Sources 245 7.3 The Role of Atmospheric Particles 254 7.4 Aerosol Measurements 262 7.5 Summary 265 Acknowledgement 266 Questions 266 References 267 8 Stratospheric Chemistry and Ozone Depletion 271 Martyn P. Chipperfield and A. Rob MacKenzie 8.1 Ozone Column Amounts 272 8.2 Physical Structure of the Stratosphere 275 8.3 Gas-Phase Chemistry of the Stratosphere 282 8.4 Aerosols and Clouds in the Stratosphere 287 8.5 Heterogeneous Chemistry of the Stratosphere 290 8.6 Future Perturbations to the Stratosphere 291 8.7 Summary 295 Questions 295 References 296 9 Boundary Layer Meteorology and Atmospheric Dispersion 299 Janet Barlow and Natalie Theeuwes 9.1 The Atmospheric Boundary Layer 299 9.2 Flow over Vegetation 307 9.3 The Urban Boundary Layer 312 9.4 Dispersion of Pollutants 319 9.5 Summary 326 Questions 327 References 327 Further Reading 329 10 Urban Air Pollution 331 Zongbo Shi 10.1 Introduction 331 10.2 Urban Air Pollution - A Brief History 331 10.3 Scale of Urban Air Pollution 333 10.4 Air Pollutants and Their Sources in the Urban Atmosphere 334 10.5 From Emissions to Airborne Concentrations 339 10.6 Urban-Scale Impacts 343 10.7 Means of Mitigation 349 10.8 Summary 361 Acknowledgement 363 Questions 363 References 364 Further Reading 365 11 Global Warming and Climate Change Science 367 Atul Jain, Xiaoming Xu, and Nick Hewitt 11.1 Historical Evidence of the Impact of Human Activities on Climate 369 11.2 Future Outlook of Climate Change 379 11.3 The Integrated Science Assessment Modelling (ISAM) 386 11.4 Potential Impacts of Climate Change 393 11.5 Summary 395 Acknowledgement 396 Questions 396 References 396 Appendix: Suggested Web Resources 399 Index 401
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